Taxonomy for Biology Articles-12th Class: Difference between revisions

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|'''Chapter'''
|'''Chapter'''
|'''Topic'''
|'''Topic'''
|'''Article Creator Name'''
|'''[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1W0E_JcTAuGojSdK8vcLmC9v91rRN0oWZOtUxlijjZBc/edit#gid=629091502 Review by IIT Kanpur]'''
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|'''Unit - 6'''
|'''Unit - 6'''
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|'''Reproduction'''
|'''Reproduction'''
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Line 30: Line 36:
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|'''Reproduction in Organisms'''
|'''Reproduction in Organisms'''
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Line 39: Line 47:
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|Reproduction in Organisms
|Reproduction in Organisms
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Line 47: Line 57:
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|Sexual reproduction
|Sexual reproduction
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 55: Line 67:
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|Asexual reproduction
|Asexual reproduction
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 63: Line 77:
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|Clone
|Clone
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Line 71: Line 87:
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|Cell division
|Cell division
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 79: Line 97:
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|Encystation
|Encystation
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Line 87: Line 107:
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|Sporulation
|Sporulation
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Line 95: Line 117:
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|Vegetative propagation
|Vegetative propagation
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Line 103: Line 127:
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|Fragmentation
|Fragmentation
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Line 111: Line 137:
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|Juvenile phase
|Juvenile phase
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Line 119: Line 147:
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|Vegetative phase
|Vegetative phase
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Line 127: Line 157:
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|Oestrus cycle
|Oestrus cycle
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Line 135: Line 167:
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|Menstrual cycle.
|Menstrual cycle.
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 143: Line 177:
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|Pre-fertilisation
|Pre-fertilisation
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Line 151: Line 187:
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|Fertilization
|Fertilization
|Kiran Mishra
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Line 159: Line 197:
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|Post fertilization
|Post fertilization
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Line 167: Line 207:
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|Gametogenesis
|Gametogenesis
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Line 175: Line 217:
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|Homogametes (isogametes)
|Homogametes (isogametes)
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Line 183: Line 227:
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|Heterogametes
|Heterogametes
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Line 191: Line 237:
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|Antherozoid or sperm
|Antherozoid or sperm
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Line 199: Line 247:
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|Egg or ovum
|Egg or ovum
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Line 207: Line 257:
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|Homothallic
|Homothallic
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Line 215: Line 267:
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|Heterothallic
|Heterothallic
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Line 223: Line 277:
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|Cell division during gamete formation
|Cell division during gamete formation
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Line 231: Line 287:
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|Gamete Transfer
|Gamete Transfer
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Line 239: Line 297:
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|Pollination
|Pollination
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Line 247: Line 307:
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|Fertilisation
|Fertilisation
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Line 255: Line 317:
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|Parthenogenesis
|Parthenogenesis
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Line 263: Line 327:
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|Zygote
|Zygote
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Line 271: Line 337:
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|Embryogenesis
|Embryogenesis
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Line 279: Line 347:
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|Oviparous
|Oviparous
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Line 287: Line 357:
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|Viviparous
|Viviparous
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|'''2'''
|'''2'''
Line 294: Line 366:
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|'''Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants'''
|'''Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants'''
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|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 303: Line 377:
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|Stamen
|Stamen
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 311: Line 387:
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|Filament
|Filament
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 319: Line 397:
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|Anther
|Anther
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 327: Line 407:
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|Microsporangia
|Microsporangia
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 335: Line 417:
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|Pollen sacs
|Pollen sacs
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Line 343: Line 427:
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|Tapetum
|Tapetum
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Line 351: Line 437:
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|Sporogenous tissue
|Sporogenous tissue
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Line 359: Line 447:
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|Microsporogenesis
|Microsporogenesis
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 367: Line 457:
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|Microspore tetrad
|Microspore tetrad
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 375: Line 467:
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|Vegetative cell
|Vegetative cell
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Line 383: Line 477:
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|Generative cell
|Generative cell
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Line 391: Line 487:
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|Parthenium
|Parthenium
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Line 399: Line 497:
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|Monocarpellary
|Monocarpellary
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Line 407: Line 507:
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|Multicarpellary
|Multicarpellary
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Line 415: Line 517:
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|Syncarpous
|Syncarpous
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Line 423: Line 527:
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|Apocarpous
|Apocarpous
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Line 431: Line 537:
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|Stigma
|Stigma
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Line 439: Line 547:
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|Style
|Style
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Line 447: Line 557:
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|Ovary
|Ovary
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Line 455: Line 567:
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|Placenta
|Placenta
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Line 463: Line 577:
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|Megasporangia
|Megasporangia
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 471: Line 587:
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|Female gametophyte
|Female gametophyte
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 479: Line 597:
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|Pollination
|Pollination
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 487: Line 607:
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|Autogamy
|Autogamy
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 495: Line 617:
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|Geitonogamy
|Geitonogamy
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 503: Line 627:
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|Xenogamy
|Xenogamy
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 511: Line 637:
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|Artificial hybridisation
|Artificial hybridisation
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Line 519: Line 647:
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|Emasculation.
|Emasculation.
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Line 527: Line 657:
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|Bagging
|Bagging
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Line 535: Line 667:
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|zygote
|zygote
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Line 543: Line 677:
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|Triple fusion
|Triple fusion
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Line 551: Line 687:
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|Primary endosperm cell (PEC)
|Primary endosperm cell (PEC)
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Line 559: Line 697:
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|Endosperm
|Endosperm
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Line 567: Line 707:
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|Embryo
|Embryo
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Line 575: Line 717:
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|Embryogeny
|Embryogeny
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Line 583: Line 727:
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|Scutellum
|Scutellum
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Line 591: Line 737:
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|Coleorrhiza
|Coleorrhiza
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Line 599: Line 747:
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|Coleoptile
|Coleoptile
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Line 607: Line 757:
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|Non-albuminous
|Non-albuminous
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Line 615: Line 767:
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|Perisperm
|Perisperm
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Line 623: Line 777:
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|Dormancy
|Dormancy
|Ekatah sharma
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|-
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Line 631: Line 787:
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|False fruits
|False fruits
|Ekatah
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Line 639: Line 797:
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|True fruit
|True fruit
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Line 647: Line 807:
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|Parthenocarpic fruits
|Parthenocarpic fruits
|Ekatah
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Line 655: Line 817:
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|Apomixis.
|Apomixis.
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Line 663: Line 827:
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|Polyembryony
|Polyembryony
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|-
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|'''3'''
|'''3'''
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|'''Human reproduction'''
|'''Human reproduction'''
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Line 679: Line 847:
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|Testes
|Testes
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|-
|-
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Line 687: Line 857:
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|External genitalia
|External genitalia
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Line 695: Line 867:
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|Scrotum
|Scrotum
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Line 703: Line 877:
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|Testicular lobules
|Testicular lobules
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Line 711: Line 887:
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|Seminiferous tubules
|Seminiferous tubules
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 719: Line 897:
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|Male germ cells (spermatogonia)
|Male germ cells (spermatogonia)
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Line 727: Line 907:
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|Sertoli cells
|Sertoli cells
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Line 735: Line 917:
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|Urethral meatus.
|Urethral meatus.
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|-
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Line 743: Line 927:
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|Ovaries
|Ovaries
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|-
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Line 751: Line 937:
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|Oviducts
|Oviducts
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Line 759: Line 947:
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|Uterus
|Uterus
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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Line 767: Line 957:
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|Cervix
|Cervix
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|-
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Line 775: Line 967:
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|Mammary glands
|Mammary glands
|Deeksha Dwivedi
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|-
|-
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Line 783: Line 977:
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|Infundibulum
|Infundibulum
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Line 791: Line 987:
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|Fimbriae
|Fimbriae
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Line 799: Line 997:
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|Mammary lobes
|Mammary lobes
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Line 807: Line 1,007:
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|Mammary duct
|Mammary duct
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Line 815: Line 1,017:
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|lactiferous duct
|lactiferous duct
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Line 823: Line 1,027:
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|Gametogenesis
|Gametogenesis
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Line 831: Line 1,037:
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|Spermatogenesis
|Spermatogenesis
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Line 839: Line 1,047:
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|Spermiation
|Spermiation
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Line 847: Line 1,057:
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|oogenesis
|oogenesis
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Line 855: Line 1,067:
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|oogonia
|oogonia
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Line 863: Line 1,077:
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|Antrum
|Antrum
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|-
|-
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Line 871: Line 1,087:
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|Graafian follicle
|Graafian follicle
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|-
|-
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Line 879: Line 1,097:
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|zona pellucida
|zona pellucida
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Line 887: Line 1,107:
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|ovulation
|ovulation
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Line 895: Line 1,117:
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|Menstrual cycle
|Menstrual cycle
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|-
|-
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Line 903: Line 1,127:
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|Menarche
|Menarche
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|-
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Line 911: Line 1,137:
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|Corpus luteum
|Corpus luteum
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|-
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Line 919: Line 1,147:
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|Menopause
|Menopause
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|-
|-
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Line 927: Line 1,157:
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|Fertilisation
|Fertilisation
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Line 935: Line 1,167:
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|Cleavage
|Cleavage
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Line 943: Line 1,177:
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|Blastomeres
|Blastomeres
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|-
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Line 951: Line 1,187:
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|Trophoblast
|Trophoblast
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|-
|-
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Line 959: Line 1,197:
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|Implantation
|Implantation
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|-
|-
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Line 967: Line 1,207:
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|Placenta
|Placenta
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|-
|-
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Line 975: Line 1,217:
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|Human chorionic gonadotropin
|Human chorionic gonadotropin
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|-
|-
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Line 983: Line 1,227:
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|Human placental lactogen
|Human placental lactogen
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|-
|-
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Line 991: Line 1,237:
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|Estrogens
|Estrogens
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|-
|-
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Line 999: Line 1,247:
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|Progestogens,
|Progestogens,
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|-
|-
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Line 1,007: Line 1,257:
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|Relaxin
|Relaxin
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|-
|-
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Line 1,015: Line 1,267:
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|Stem cells
|Stem cells
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|-
|-
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Line 1,023: Line 1,277:
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|Parturition
|Parturition
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|-
|-
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Line 1,031: Line 1,287:
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|Foetal ejection reflex.
|Foetal ejection reflex.
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|-
|-
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Line 1,039: Line 1,297:
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|Lactation
|Lactation
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|-
|-
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Line 1,047: Line 1,307:
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|Colostrum
|Colostrum
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|-
|-
|'''4'''
|'''4'''
Line 1,054: Line 1,316:
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|'''Reproductive health'''
|'''Reproductive health'''
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|-
|-
Line 1,063: Line 1,327:
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|Amniocentesis
|Amniocentesis
|Ekatah
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|-
|-
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Line 1,071: Line 1,337:
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|Maternal mortality rate (MMR)
|Maternal mortality rate (MMR)
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|-
|-
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Line 1,079: Line 1,347:
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|Infant mortality rate
|Infant mortality rate
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|-
|-
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Line 1,087: Line 1,357:
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|Withdrawal or coitus interruptus
|Withdrawal or coitus interruptus
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|-
|-
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Line 1,095: Line 1,367:
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|Lactational amenorrhea
|Lactational amenorrhea
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|-
|-
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Line 1,103: Line 1,377:
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|Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs0
|Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs0
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|-
|-
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Line 1,111: Line 1,387:
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|Sterilisation,
|Sterilisation,
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|-
|-
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Line 1,119: Line 1,397:
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|Medical termination of pregnancy
|Medical termination of pregnancy
|-
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|-
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Line 1,127: Line 1,407:
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|Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
|Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
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|-
|-
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Line 1,135: Line 1,417:
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|Infertility
|Infertility
|
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|-
|-
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Line 1,143: Line 1,427:
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|Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
|Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
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Line 1,151: Line 1,437:
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|In vitro fertilisation
|In vitro fertilisation
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
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Line 1,159: Line 1,447:
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|Embryo transfer
|Embryo transfer
|
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|-
|-
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Line 1,167: Line 1,457:
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|Test tube baby
|Test tube baby
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
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Line 1,175: Line 1,467:
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|zygote intra fallopian transfer
|zygote intra fallopian transfer
|Ekatah . S
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|-
|-
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Line 1,183: Line 1,477:
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|Intra uterine transfer
|Intra uterine transfer
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|-
|-
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Line 1,191: Line 1,487:
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|In-vivo fertilisation
|In-vivo fertilisation
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|-
|-
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Line 1,199: Line 1,497:
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|in-vivo fertilisation
|in-vivo fertilisation
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|-
|-
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Line 1,207: Line 1,507:
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|Gamete intra fallopian transfer
|Gamete intra fallopian transfer
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|-
|-
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Line 1,215: Line 1,517:
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|Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection
|Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection
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|-
|-
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Line 1,223: Line 1,527:
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|Artificial insemination
|Artificial insemination
|
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|-
|-
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Line 1,231: Line 1,537:
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|Intra-uterine insemination
|Intra-uterine insemination
|
|
|-
|-
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Line 1,237: Line 1,545:
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|'''Genetics and evolution'''
|'''Genetics and evolution'''
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Line 1,246: Line 1,556:
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|'''Principles of heredity and variation'''
|'''Principles of heredity and variation'''
|
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|-
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|फर्स्ट हिन्दी
|[[आनुवंशिकी]]
|[[आनुवंशिकी]]
|
|
|
|
|Genetics
|Genetics
|
|
|-
|-
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Line 1,263: Line 1,577:
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|Genes
|Genes
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|-
|-
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Line 1,271: Line 1,587:
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|Alleles
|Alleles
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|-
|-
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Line 1,279: Line 1,597:
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|Genotype
|Genotype
|
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|-
|-
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Line 1,287: Line 1,607:
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|Phenotype
|Phenotype
|
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|-
|-
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Line 1,295: Line 1,617:
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|Filial progeny
|Filial progeny
|
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|-
|-
|
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Line 1,303: Line 1,627:
|
|
|Dominant factor
|Dominant factor
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,311: Line 1,637:
|
|
|Recessive Factor
|Recessive Factor
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,319: Line 1,647:
|
|
|Monohybrid cross
|Monohybrid cross
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,327: Line 1,657:
|
|
|Heterozygous.
|Heterozygous.
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,335: Line 1,667:
|
|
|Punnett Square
|Punnett Square
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,343: Line 1,677:
|
|
|Test cross
|Test cross
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,351: Line 1,687:
|
|
|Laws of Inheritance
|Laws of Inheritance
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,359: Line 1,697:
|
|
|Law of Dominance
|Law of Dominance
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,367: Line 1,707:
|
|
|Law of Segregation
|Law of Segregation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,375: Line 1,717:
|
|
|Incomplete Dominance
|Incomplete Dominance
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,383: Line 1,727:
|
|
|Co-dominance
|Co-dominance
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,391: Line 1,737:
|
|
|Multiple alleles
|Multiple alleles
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,399: Line 1,747:
|
|
|Dihybrid crosses
|Dihybrid crosses
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,407: Line 1,757:
|
|
|Chromosomes
|Chromosomes
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,415: Line 1,767:
|
|
|Chromosomal theory of inheritance
|Chromosomal theory of inheritance
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,423: Line 1,777:
|
|
|Drosophila melanogaster
|Drosophila melanogaster
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,431: Line 1,787:
|
|
|Linkage and Recombination
|Linkage and Recombination
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,439: Line 1,797:
|
|
|Polygenic inheritance
|Polygenic inheritance
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,447: Line 1,807:
|
|
|Pleiotropy
|Pleiotropy
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,455: Line 1,817:
|
|
|Sex determination
|Sex determination
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,463: Line 1,827:
|
|
|Sex chromosome
|Sex chromosome
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,471: Line 1,837:
|
|
|Autosomes
|Autosomes
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,479: Line 1,847:
|
|
|Male heterogamety
|Male heterogamety
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,487: Line 1,857:
|
|
|Female heterogamety
|Female heterogamety
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,495: Line 1,867:
|
|
|Sex Determination in Honey Bee
|Sex Determination in Honey Bee
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,503: Line 1,877:
|
|
|Mutation
|Mutation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,511: Line 1,887:
|
|
|Pedigree Analysis
|Pedigree Analysis
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,519: Line 1,897:
|
|
|Colour Blidness
|Colour Blidness
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,527: Line 1,907:
|
|
|Haemophilia
|Haemophilia
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,535: Line 1,917:
|
|
|Sickle-cell anaemia
|Sickle-cell anaemia
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,543: Line 1,927:
|
|
|Phenylketonuria
|Phenylketonuria
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,551: Line 1,937:
|
|
|Thalassemia
|Thalassemia
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,559: Line 1,947:
|
|
|Aneuploidy
|Aneuploidy
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,567: Line 1,957:
|
|
|Polyploidy
|Polyploidy
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,575: Line 1,967:
|
|
|Down’s Syndrome
|Down’s Syndrome
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,583: Line 1,977:
|
|
|Klinefelter’s Syndrome
|Klinefelter’s Syndrome
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,591: Line 1,987:
|
|
|Turner’s Syndrome
|Turner’s Syndrome
|
|
|-
|-
|'''6'''
|'''6'''
Line 1,598: Line 1,996:
|
|
|'''Molecular basis of Inheritance'''
|'''Molecular basis of Inheritance'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,607: Line 2,007:
|
|
|DNA
|DNA
|
|Ekatah
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,615: Line 2,017:
|
|
|Polynucleotide Chain
|Polynucleotide Chain
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,623: Line 2,027:
|
|
|Double Helix
|Double Helix
|
|Ekatah
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,631: Line 2,037:
|
|
|Packaging of DNA Helix
|Packaging of DNA Helix
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,639: Line 2,047:
|
|
|Histones
|Histones
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,647: Line 2,057:
|
|
|Nucleosome
|Nucleosome
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,655: Line 2,067:
|
|
|Chromatin
|Chromatin
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,663: Line 2,077:
|
|
|Euchromatin
|Euchromatin
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,671: Line 2,087:
|
|
|Heterochromatin
|Heterochromatin
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,679: Line 2,097:
|
|
|Transforming Principle
|Transforming Principle
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,687: Line 2,107:
|
|
|Genetic Material
|Genetic Material
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,695: Line 2,117:
|
|
|RNA
|RNA
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,703: Line 2,127:
|
|
|Replication
|Replication
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,711: Line 2,137:
|
|
|DNA polymerase
|DNA polymerase
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,719: Line 2,147:
|
|
|Transcription
|Transcription
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,727: Line 2,157:
|
|
|Coding strand
|Coding strand
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,735: Line 2,167:
|
|
|Template strand
|Template strand
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,743: Line 2,177:
|
|
|Monocistronic
|Monocistronic
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,751: Line 2,187:
|
|
|Polycistronic
|Polycistronic
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,759: Line 2,197:
|
|
|Exons
|Exons
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,767: Line 2,207:
|
|
|Introns
|Introns
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,775: Line 2,217:
|
|
|Lac operon
|Lac operon
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,783: Line 2,227:
|
|
|Human Genome Project
|Human Genome Project
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,791: Line 2,237:
|
|
|Bioinformatics
|Bioinformatics
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,799: Line 2,247:
|
|
|Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)
|Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,807: Line 2,257:
|
|
|SNPs – single nucleotide polymorphism
|SNPs – single nucleotide polymorphism
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,815: Line 2,267:
|
|
|DNA fingerprinting
|DNA fingerprinting
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,823: Line 2,277:
|
|
|Polymorphism
|Polymorphism
|
|
|-
|-
|'''7'''
|'''7'''
Line 1,830: Line 2,286:
|
|
|'''Evolution'''
|'''Evolution'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,839: Line 2,297:
|
|
|Big Bang theory
|Big Bang theory
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,847: Line 2,307:
|
|
|Miller’s experiment
|Miller’s experiment
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,855: Line 2,317:
|
|
|Divergent evolution
|Divergent evolution
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,863: Line 2,327:
|
|
|Convergent evolution
|Convergent evolution
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,871: Line 2,337:
|
|
|Biological evolution
|Biological evolution
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,879: Line 2,347:
|
|
|Adaptive radiation
|Adaptive radiation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,887: Line 2,357:
|
|
|Natural selection
|Natural selection
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,895: Line 2,367:
|
|
|Saltation
|Saltation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,903: Line 2,377:
|
|
|Hardy-Weinberg Principle
|Hardy-Weinberg Principle
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,911: Line 2,387:
|
|
|Neanderthal man
|Neanderthal man
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,919: Line 2,397:
|
|
|Java man
|Java man
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,927: Line 2,407:
|
|
|Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus
|Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,933: Line 2,415:
|
|
|'''Unit - 8'''
|'''Unit - 8'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 1,941: Line 2,425:
|
|
|'''Biology in human welfare'''
|'''Biology in human welfare'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 1,950: Line 2,436:
|
|
|'''Human health and Disease'''
|'''Human health and Disease'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 1,959: Line 2,447:
|
|
|Health
|Health
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,967: Line 2,457:
|
|
|Infectious diseases
|Infectious diseases
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,975: Line 2,467:
|
|
|Non-infectious diseases
|Non-infectious diseases
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,983: Line 2,477:
|
|
|Pathogens
|Pathogens
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,991: Line 2,487:
|
|
|Typhoid
|Typhoid
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 1,999: Line 2,497:
|
|
|Widal test
|Widal test
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,007: Line 2,507:
|
|
|Pneumonia
|Pneumonia
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,015: Line 2,517:
|
|
|Common cold
|Common cold
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,023: Line 2,527:
|
|
|Malaria
|Malaria
|Deeksha Dwivedi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,031: Line 2,537:
|
|
|Amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery)
|Amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,039: Line 2,547:
|
|
|Ascariasis.
|Ascariasis.
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,047: Line 2,557:
|
|
|Elephantiasis or filariasis
|Elephantiasis or filariasis
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,055: Line 2,567:
|
|
|Ringworms
|Ringworms
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,063: Line 2,577:
|
|
|Immunity
|Immunity
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,071: Line 2,587:
|
|
|Innate Immunity
|Innate Immunity
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,079: Line 2,597:
|
|
|Acquired immunity
|Acquired immunity
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,087: Line 2,607:
|
|
|Humoral immune response
|Humoral immune response
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,095: Line 2,617:
|
|
|Cell-mediated immunity
|Cell-mediated immunity
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,103: Line 2,627:
|
|
|Active and Passive Immunity
|Active and Passive Immunity
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,111: Line 2,637:
|
|
|Vaccination and Immunisation
|Vaccination and Immunisation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,119: Line 2,647:
|
|
|Allergies
|Allergies
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,127: Line 2,657:
|
|
|Lymphoid organs
|Lymphoid organs
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,135: Line 2,667:
|
|
|Bone marrow
|Bone marrow
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,143: Line 2,677:
|
|
|Thymus
|Thymus
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,151: Line 2,687:
|
|
|Mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
|Mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,159: Line 2,697:
|
|
|Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
|Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
|Deeksha Dwivedi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,167: Line 2,707:
|
|
|Cancer
|Cancer
|Deeksga Dwivedi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,175: Line 2,717:
|
|
|Benign tumors
|Benign tumors
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,183: Line 2,727:
|
|
|Malignant tumor
|Malignant tumor
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,191: Line 2,737:
|
|
|Carcinogens
|Carcinogens
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,199: Line 2,747:
|
|
|α-interferon
|α-interferon
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,207: Line 2,757:
|
|
|Opioids
|Opioids
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,215: Line 2,767:
|
|
|Cannabinoids
|Cannabinoids
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,223: Line 2,777:
|
|
|Cocaine
|Cocaine
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,231: Line 2,787:
|
|
|Adolescence and Drug/Alcohol Abuse
|Adolescence and Drug/Alcohol Abuse
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,239: Line 2,797:
|
|
|Withdrawal syndrome
|Withdrawal syndrome
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,247: Line 2,807:
|
|
|Cirrhosis
|Cirrhosis
|
|
|-
|-
|'''9'''
|'''9'''
Line 2,254: Line 2,816:
|
|
|'''Strategies for Enhancement in food production'''
|'''Strategies for Enhancement in food production'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,263: Line 2,827:
|
|
|Animal husbandry
|Animal husbandry
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,271: Line 2,837:
|
|
|Dairy Farm Management
|Dairy Farm Management
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,279: Line 2,847:
|
|
|Poultry Farm Management
|Poultry Farm Management
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,287: Line 2,857:
|
|
|Animal Breeding
|Animal Breeding
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,295: Line 2,867:
|
|
|Inbreeding
|Inbreeding
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,303: Line 2,877:
|
|
|homozygosity
|homozygosity
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,311: Line 2,887:
|
|
|Out-breeding
|Out-breeding
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,319: Line 2,897:
|
|
|Out-crossing
|Out-crossing
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,327: Line 2,907:
|
|
|Cross-breeding
|Cross-breeding
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,335: Line 2,917:
|
|
|Interspecific hybridisation
|Interspecific hybridisation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,343: Line 2,927:
|
|
|Bee-keeping / apiculture
|Bee-keeping / apiculture
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,351: Line 2,937:
|
|
|Fisheries
|Fisheries
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,359: Line 2,947:
|
|
|Green Revolution
|Green Revolution
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,367: Line 2,957:
|
|
|Plant Breeding
|Plant Breeding
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,375: Line 2,967:
|
|
|Germplasm collection
|Germplasm collection
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,383: Line 2,977:
|
|
|Mutation
|Mutation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,391: Line 2,987:
|
|
|Biofortification
|Biofortification
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,399: Line 2,997:
|
|
|Single Cell Protein (SCP).
|Single Cell Protein (SCP).
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,407: Line 3,007:
|
|
|Tissue culture
|Tissue culture
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,415: Line 3,017:
|
|
|Totipotency
|Totipotency
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,423: Line 3,027:
|
|
|Micropropagation
|Micropropagation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,431: Line 3,037:
|
|
|meristem
|meristem
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,439: Line 3,047:
|
|
|Somatic hybridisation
|Somatic hybridisation
|
|
|-
|-
|'''10'''
|'''10'''
Line 2,446: Line 3,056:
|
|
|'''Microbes in human welfare'''
|'''Microbes in human welfare'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,455: Line 3,067:
|
|
|Viruses
|Viruses
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,463: Line 3,077:
|
|
|Bacteriophage
|Bacteriophage
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,471: Line 3,087:
|
|
|Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
|Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,479: Line 3,097:
|
|
|Bacteria
|Bacteria
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,487: Line 3,107:
|
|
|lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
|lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,495: Line 3,117:
|
|
|Fermentors
|Fermentors
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,503: Line 3,127:
|
|
|Antibiotics
|Antibiotics
|Deeksha Dwivedi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,511: Line 3,137:
|
|
|Aspergillus niger
|Aspergillus niger
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,519: Line 3,147:
|
|
|Acetobacter aceti
|Acetobacter aceti
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,527: Line 3,157:
|
|
|Clostridium butylicum
|Clostridium butylicum
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,535: Line 3,167:
|
|
|Saccharomyces cerevisiae
|Saccharomyces cerevisiae
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,543: Line 3,177:
|
|
|Bioactive Molecules
|Bioactive Molecules
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,551: Line 3,187:
|
|
|Microbes in sewage treatment
|Microbes in sewage treatment
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,559: Line 3,197:
|
|
|BOD (biochemical oxygen demand)
|BOD (biochemical oxygen demand)
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,567: Line 3,207:
|
|
|Biogas
|Biogas
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,575: Line 3,217:
|
|
|Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan
|Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,583: Line 3,227:
|
|
|Methanogens
|Methanogens
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,591: Line 3,237:
|
|
|Bt-cotton
|Bt-cotton
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,599: Line 3,247:
|
|
|Organic farming
|Organic farming
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,607: Line 3,257:
|
|
|Biofertilisers
|Biofertilisers
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,615: Line 3,267:
|
|
|Mycorrhiza
|Mycorrhiza
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,621: Line 3,275:
|
|
|'''Unit - 9'''
|'''Unit - 9'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 2,629: Line 3,285:
|
|
|'''Biotechnology'''
|'''Biotechnology'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 2,638: Line 3,296:
|
|
|'''Biotechnology: Principles and procedures'''
|'''Biotechnology: Principles and procedures'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,647: Line 3,307:
|
|
|In vitro fertilisation
|In vitro fertilisation
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,655: Line 3,317:
|
|
|Principles of biotechnology
|Principles of biotechnology
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,663: Line 3,327:
|
|
|Genetic engineering
|Genetic engineering
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,671: Line 3,337:
|
|
|Bioprocess engineering
|Bioprocess engineering
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,679: Line 3,347:
|
|
|Recombinant DNA
|Recombinant DNA
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,687: Line 3,357:
|
|
|Gene cloning and gene transfer,
|Gene cloning and gene transfer,
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,695: Line 3,367:
|
|
|Origin of replication,
|Origin of replication,
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,703: Line 3,377:
|
|
|Cloning
|Cloning
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,711: Line 3,387:
|
|
|Restriction Enzymes
|Restriction Enzymes
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,719: Line 3,397:
|
|
|Restriction endonuclease
|Restriction endonuclease
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,727: Line 3,407:
|
|
|Recognition sequence
|Recognition sequence
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,735: Line 3,417:
|
|
|Exonucleases and endonucleases DNA
|Exonucleases and endonucleases DNA
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,743: Line 3,427:
|
|
|Palindromic nucleotide sequences
|Palindromic nucleotide sequences
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,751: Line 3,437:
|
|
|Separation and isolation of DNA fragments
|Separation and isolation of DNA fragments
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,759: Line 3,447:
|
|
|Gel electrophoresis
|Gel electrophoresis
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,767: Line 3,457:
|
|
|Cloning Vectors
|Cloning Vectors
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,775: Line 3,467:
|
|
|Transformation
|Transformation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,783: Line 3,477:
|
|
|Insertional inactivation
|Insertional inactivation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,791: Line 3,487:
|
|
|Tumor
|Tumor
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,799: Line 3,497:
|
|
|Cancerous cells
|Cancerous cells
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,807: Line 3,507:
|
|
|Micro-injection
|Micro-injection
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,815: Line 3,517:
|
|
|Biolistics or gene gun
|Biolistics or gene gun
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,823: Line 3,527:
|
|
|lysozyme (bacteria)
|lysozyme (bacteria)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,831: Line 3,537:
|
|
|Cellulase (plant cells)
|Cellulase (plant cells)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,839: Line 3,547:
|
|
|Chitinase (fungus)
|Chitinase (fungus)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,847: Line 3,557:
|
|
|Polymerase Chain Reaction
|Polymerase Chain Reaction
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,855: Line 3,567:
|
|
|Selectable marker
|Selectable marker
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,863: Line 3,577:
|
|
|Recombinant protein
|Recombinant protein
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,871: Line 3,587:
|
|
|Bioreactors
|Bioreactors
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,879: Line 3,597:
|
|
|Downstream Processing
|Downstream Processing
|
|
|-
|-
|'''12'''
|'''12'''
Line 2,886: Line 3,606:
|
|
|'''Biotechnology and its application'''
|'''Biotechnology and its application'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 2,895: Line 3,617:
|
|
|Green Revolution
|Green Revolution
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,903: Line 3,627:
|
|
|Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
|Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,911: Line 3,637:
|
|
|Insecticidal protein
|Insecticidal protein
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,919: Line 3,647:
|
|
|RNA interference
|RNA interference
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,927: Line 3,657:
|
|
|Genetically Engineered Insulin
|Genetically Engineered Insulin
|Deeksha Dwivedi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,935: Line 3,667:
|
|
|C peptide
|C peptide
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,943: Line 3,677:
|
|
|Gene Therapy
|Gene Therapy
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,951: Line 3,687:
|
|
|Molecular Diagnosis
|Molecular Diagnosis
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,959: Line 3,697:
|
|
|Transgenic animals
|Transgenic animals
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,967: Line 3,707:
|
|
|Ethical issues
|Ethical issues
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,975: Line 3,717:
|
|
|GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee)
|GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,983: Line 3,727:
|
|
|Biopiracy
|Biopiracy
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 2,989: Line 3,735:
|
|
|'''Unit - 10'''
|'''Unit - 10'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 2,997: Line 3,745:
|
|
|'''Ecosystem'''
|'''Ecosystem'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 3,006: Line 3,756:
|
|
|'''Organism and population'''
|'''Organism and population'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 3,015: Line 3,767:
|
|
|Niche
|Niche
|-
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
Line 3,023: Line 3,777:
|
|
|Abiotic Factors
|Abiotic Factors
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,031: Line 3,787:
|
|
|Biotic Factors
|Biotic Factors
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,039: Line 3,797:
|
|
|Adaptations
|Adaptations
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,047: Line 3,807:
|
|
|Population Attributes
|Population Attributes
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,055: Line 3,817:
|
|
|Population density
|Population density
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,063: Line 3,827:
|
|
|Growth Models
|Growth Models
|Deeksha Dwivedi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,071: Line 3,837:
|
|
|Logistic growth
|Logistic growth
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,079: Line 3,847:
|
|
|Life History Variation
|Life History Variation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,087: Line 3,857:
|
|
|Mutualism
|Mutualism
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,095: Line 3,867:
|
|
|Competition
|Competition
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,103: Line 3,877:
|
|
|Parasitism & Predation
|Parasitism & Predation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,111: Line 3,887:
|
|
|Commensalism.
|Commensalism.
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,119: Line 3,897:
|
|
|Symbiosis
|Symbiosis
|
|
|-
|-
|'''14'''
|'''14'''
Line 3,126: Line 3,906:
|
|
|'''Ecosystem'''
|'''Ecosystem'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 3,135: Line 3,917:
|
|
|Stratification
|Stratification
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,143: Line 3,927:
|
|
|Primary production
|Primary production
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,151: Line 3,937:
|
|
|Productivity
|Productivity
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,159: Line 3,947:
|
|
|Gross primary productivity
|Gross primary productivity
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,167: Line 3,957:
|
|
|Secondary productivity
|Secondary productivity
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,175: Line 3,967:
|
|
|Decomposition
|Decomposition
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,183: Line 3,977:
|
|
|Detritivores
|Detritivores
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,191: Line 3,987:
|
|
|Humification
|Humification
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,199: Line 3,997:
|
|
|Mineralisation
|Mineralisation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,207: Line 4,007:
|
|
|Photosynthetically active radiation
|Photosynthetically active radiation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,215: Line 4,017:
|
|
|Producers
|Producers
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,223: Line 4,027:
|
|
|Consumers
|Consumers
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,231: Line 4,037:
|
|
|Herbivores
|Herbivores
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,239: Line 4,047:
|
|
|Detritus food chain
|Detritus food chain
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,247: Line 4,057:
|
|
|Saprotrophs
|Saprotrophs
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,255: Line 4,067:
|
|
|Food web
|Food web
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,263: Line 4,077:
|
|
|Biomass
|Biomass
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,271: Line 4,087:
|
|
|Ecological Pyramid
|Ecological Pyramid
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,279: Line 4,097:
|
|
|Ecological succession
|Ecological succession
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,287: Line 4,107:
|
|
|Succession of Plants
|Succession of Plants
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,295: Line 4,117:
|
|
|Hydrarch succession
|Hydrarch succession
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,303: Line 4,127:
|
|
|xerarch succession
|xerarch succession
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,311: Line 4,137:
|
|
|Pioneer species
|Pioneer species
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,319: Line 4,147:
|
|
|Nutrient cycling
|Nutrient cycling
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,327: Line 4,157:
|
|
|Biogeochemical cycles
|Biogeochemical cycles
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,335: Line 4,167:
|
|
|Ecosystem – Carbon Cycle
|Ecosystem – Carbon Cycle
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,343: Line 4,177:
|
|
|Ecosystem – Phosphorus Cycle
|Ecosystem – Phosphorus Cycle
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,351: Line 4,187:
|
|
|Ecosystem services
|Ecosystem services
|
|
|-
|-
|'''15'''
|'''15'''
Line 3,358: Line 4,196:
|
|
|'''Biodiversity and Conservation'''
|'''Biodiversity and Conservation'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 3,367: Line 4,207:
|
|
|Biodiversity
|Biodiversity
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,375: Line 4,217:
|
|
|Genetic diversity:
|Genetic diversity:
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,383: Line 4,227:
|
|
|Species diversity
|Species diversity
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,391: Line 4,237:
|
|
|Ecological diversity
|Ecological diversity
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,399: Line 4,247:
|
|
|Latitudinal gradients
|Latitudinal gradients
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,407: Line 4,257:
|
|
|Species-Area relationships
|Species-Area relationships
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,415: Line 4,267:
|
|
|Habitat loss and fragmentation
|Habitat loss and fragmentation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,423: Line 4,277:
|
|
|Alien species invasions
|Alien species invasions
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,431: Line 4,287:
|
|
|Co-extinctions:
|Co-extinctions:
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,439: Line 4,297:
|
|
|In situ conservation
|In situ conservation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,447: Line 4,307:
|
|
|Ex situ Conservation
|Ex situ Conservation
|
|
|-
|-
|'''16'''
|'''16'''
Line 3,454: Line 4,316:
|
|
|'''Environmental issues'''
|'''Environmental issues'''
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
Line 3,463: Line 4,327:
|
|
|Electrostatic precipitator
|Electrostatic precipitator
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,471: Line 4,337:
|
|
|Compressed natural gas (CNG)
|Compressed natural gas (CNG)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,479: Line 4,347:
|
|
|Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
|Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,487: Line 4,357:
|
|
|Domestic Sewage and Industrial Effluents
|Domestic Sewage and Industrial Effluents
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,495: Line 4,367:
|
|
|Biomagnification
|Biomagnification
|Deeksha Dwivedi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,503: Line 4,377:
|
|
|Cultural or Accelerated Eutrophication
|Cultural or Accelerated Eutrophication
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,511: Line 4,387:
|
|
|Sanitary landfills
|Sanitary landfills
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,519: Line 4,397:
|
|
|Electronic wastes (e-wastes)
|Electronic wastes (e-wastes)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,527: Line 4,407:
|
|
|Agro chemicals
|Agro chemicals
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,535: Line 4,417:
|
|
|Organic Farming
|Organic Farming
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,543: Line 4,427:
|
|
|Radioactive waste
|Radioactive waste
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,551: Line 4,437:
|
|
|Greenhouse effect
|Greenhouse effect
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,559: Line 4,447:
|
|
|Ozone depletion
|Ozone depletion
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,567: Line 4,457:
|
|
|Stratosphere
|Stratosphere
|Deeksha Dwivedi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,575: Line 4,467:
|
|
|chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
|chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,583: Line 4,477:
|
|
|Ozone hole
|Ozone hole
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,591: Line 4,487:
|
|
|Snow-blindness
|Snow-blindness
|Ekatah
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,599: Line 4,497:
|
|
|Montreal Protocol
|Montreal Protocol
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,607: Line 4,507:
|
|
|Soil erosion and desertification
|Soil erosion and desertification
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,615: Line 4,517:
|
|
|Waterlogging and soil salinity
|Waterlogging and soil salinity
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,623: Line 4,527:
|
|
|Deforestation
|Deforestation
|Deeksha Dwivedi
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,631: Line 4,537:
|
|
|Slash and burn agriculture
|Slash and burn agriculture
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,639: Line 4,547:
|
|
|Jhum cultivation
|Jhum cultivation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,647: Line 4,557:
|
|
|Reforestation
|Reforestation
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,655: Line 4,567:
|
|
|Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wildlife Protection Award
|Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wildlife Protection Award
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,663: Line 4,577:
|
|
|Chipko Movement
|Chipko Movement
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,671: Line 4,587:
|
|
|Joint Forest Management (JFM)
|Joint Forest Management (JFM)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 3,679: Line 4,597:
|
|
|}
|}
[[Category:Information]]

Latest revision as of 21:08, 6 May 2024

S.No. इकाई अध्याय विषय Unit Chapter Topic Article Creator Name Review by IIT Kanpur
इकाई - 6 Unit - 6
जनन Reproduction
1 जीवों में जनन Reproduction in Organisms
जीवों में जनन Reproduction in Organisms
लैंगिक जनन Sexual reproduction Deeksha Dwivedi
अलैंगिक जनन Asexual reproduction Deeksha Dwivedi
क्लोन Clone
कोशिका विभाजन Cell division Deeksha Dwivedi
पुटीभवन Encystation
बीजाणुजनन Sporulation
कायिक प्रवर्धन Vegetative propagation
पुनरुद्भवन Fragmentation
किशोर प्रावस्था Juvenile phase
कायिक प्रावस्था Vegetative phase
मद चक्र Oestrus cycle
ऋतुस्राव चक्र Menstrual cycle. Deeksha Dwivedi
पूर्व निषेचन Pre-fertilisation
निषेचन Fertilization Kiran Mishra
पश्च निषेचन Post fertilization
युग्मकजनन Gametogenesis
संयुग्मकी Homogametes (isogametes)
विषमयुग्मक Heterogametes
पुमणु या शुक्राणु Antherozoid or sperm
अंडा या डिंब Egg or ovum
समथैलसी Homothallic
विषमथैलसी Heterothallic
युग्मक निर्माण के दौरान कोशिका विभाजन Cell division during gamete formation
युग्मक स्थानांतरण Gamete Transfer
परागण Pollination
निषेचन Fertilisation
अनिषेक जनन Parthenogenesis
युग्मनज Zygote
अंडाप्रजक Embryogenesis
सजीव प्रजक Oviparous
Viviparous
2 पुष्पी पादपों में लैंगिक जनन Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Deeksha Dwivedi
पुंकेसर Stamen Deeksha Dwivedi
डंठल Filament Deeksha Dwivedi
परागकोश Anther Deeksha Dwivedi
लघुबीजाणुधानी Microsporangia Deeksha Dwivedi
परागपुटी Pollen sacs
टेपीटम Tapetum
बीजाणुजन ऊतक Sporogenous tissue
लघुबीजाणुजनन Microsporogenesis Deeksha Dwivedi
लघुबीजाणु चतुष्क Microspore tetrad Deeksha Dwivedi
कायिक कोशिका Vegetative cell
जनन कोशिकाएं Generative cell
पार्थेनियम Parthenium
एकअण्डपी Monocarpellary
बहुअंडपी Multicarpellary
युक्ताण्डपी Syncarpous
वियुक्तांडपी Apocarpous
वर्तिकाग्र Stigma
वर्तिका Style
अंडाशय Ovary
बीजांड Placenta
गुरुबीजाणुधानी Megasporangia Deeksha Dwivedi
मादा युग्मकोद्भिद् Female gametophyte Deeksha Dwivedi
परागण Pollination Deeksha Dwivedi
ऑटोगैमी Autogamy Deeksha Dwivedi
सजातपुष्पी परागण Geitonogamy Deeksha Dwivedi
पर-निषेचन Xenogamy Deeksha Dwivedi
कृत्रिम संकरीकरण Artificial hybridisation
विपुंसन Emasculation.
बैगिंग Bagging
युग्मनज zygote
त्रिसंलयन Triple fusion
प्राथमिक भ्रूणपोष कोशिका (पीईसी) Primary endosperm cell (PEC)
भ्रूणपोष Endosperm
भ्रूण Embryo
भ्रूणोद्भव Embryogeny
स्कुटेलम Scutellum
कोलोराइजा Coleorrhiza
प्रांकुर Coleoptile
गैर-एल्बुमिनस Non-albuminous
परिभ्रूणपोष Perisperm
प्रसुप्ति Dormancy Ekatah sharma
आभासी फल False fruits Ekatah
वास्तविक फल True fruit
अनिषेकफलक फल Parthenocarpic fruits Ekatah
असंगजनन Apomixis.
बहुभ्रूणता Polyembryony
3 मानव जनन Human reproduction
वृषण Testes Deeksha Dwivedi
बाह्य जननेंद्रिय External genitalia
वृषण कोष Scrotum
वृषण पालिका Testicular lobules
शुक्रजनक नलिकाएं Seminiferous tubules Deeksha Dwivedi
नर जर्म कोशिकाएँ Male germ cells (spermatogonia)
सर्टोली कोशिकाएं Sertoli cells
यूरेथ्रल मीटस Urethral meatus.
अंडाशय Ovaries Deeksha Dwivedi
अंडवाहिनियां Oviducts
गर्भाशय Uterus Deeksha Dwivedi
गर्भाशय ग्रीवा Cervix
स्तन ग्रंथियां Mammary glands Deeksha Dwivedi
इन्फंडिबुलम Infundibulum
फिम्ब्रिए Fimbriae
भगशेफ Mammary lobes
स्तन वाहिनी Mammary duct
दुग्ध वाहिनी lactiferous duct
युग्मकजनन Gametogenesis
शुक्र जनन Spermatogenesis
वीर्यसेचन Spermiation
अण्डजनन oogenesis
अण्डजननी oogonia
एंट्रम Antrum
ग्राफियन पुटिका Graafian follicle
अंडावरण zona pellucida
अण्डोत्सर्ग ovulation
आर्तव चक्र Menstrual cycle
रजोदर्शन Menarche
पीत-पिण्‍ड Corpus luteum
रजोनिवृत्ति Menopause
निषेचन Fertilisation
विदलन Cleavage
कोरक खंड Blastomeres
पोषकोरक Trophoblast
जरायु अंकुरक Implantation
अपरा Placenta
ह्यूमन कोरिओनिक गोनाडोट्रोपिन Human chorionic gonadotropin
मानव अपरा लैक्टोजन Human placental lactogen
एस्ट्रोजेन Estrogens
प्रोजेस्टोजन, Progestogens,
रिलैक्सिन Relaxin
स्टेम कोशिकाएँ Stem cells
प्रसव Parturition
भ्रूण उत्क्षेपन प्रतिवर्त Foetal ejection reflex.
दुग्धस्रवण Lactation
कोलोस्ट्रम Colostrum
4 जनन स्वास्थ्य Reproductive health
उल्ववेधन Amniocentesis Ekatah
मातृ मृत्यु दर Maternal mortality rate (MMR)
शिशु मृत्यु दर Infant mortality rate
वाह्य स्खलन या अंतरित मैथुन Withdrawal or coitus interruptus
स्तनपान अमेनोरेरिया Lactational amenorrhea
अन्तः गर्भाशयी युक्ति Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs0
बंध्यकरण Sterilisation,
गर्भावस्था का चिकित्सीय सगर्भता समापन Medical termination of pregnancy
यौन संचारित संक्रमण (STIS) Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
बंध्‍यता Infertility
सहायक प्रजनन प्रौद्योगिकियां (एआरटी) Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) Ekatah
पात्रे निषेचन In vitro fertilisation Ekatah
भ्रूण स्थानांतरण Embryo transfer
टेस्ट ट्यूब बच्चा Test tube baby Ekatah
युग्मनज या प्रारंभिक भ्रूण zygote intra fallopian transfer Ekatah . S
अंतः डिंबवाहिनी स्थानांतरण Intra uterine transfer
इंट्रा यूटेराइन ट्रांसफर In-vivo fertilisation
जीवे निषेचन in-vivo fertilisation
फैलोपी नलिका में स्थानांतरित Gamete intra fallopian transfer
कोशिकीय शुक्राणु निक्षेपण Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection
कृत्रिम वीर्यसेचन Artificial insemination
इकाई - 7 गर्भाशय वीर्यसेचन Unit - 7 Intra-uterine insemination
आनुवंशिकी और विकास Genetics and evolution
5 वंशागति तथा विविधता के सिद्धांत Principles of heredity and variation
फर्स्ट हिन्दी आनुवंशिकी Genetics
जीन Genes
एलील्स Alleles
जीनोटाइप Genotype
फीनोटाइप Phenotype
प्रथम संतति पीढ़ी Filial progeny
प्रभावी कारक Dominant factor
अप्रभावी कारक Recessive Factor
एक संकर क्रॉस Monohybrid cross
विषमयुग्मकी Heterozygous.
पनेट वर्ग Punnett Square
परीक्षार्थ संकरण Test cross
वंशागति के नियम Laws of Inheritance
प्रभाविता का नियम Law of Dominance
विसंयोजन का नियम Law of Segregation
अपूर्ण प्रभाविता का नियम Incomplete Dominance
सह प्रभाविता का नियम Co-dominance
बहु अलील Multiple alleles
द्विसंकर क्रॉस Dihybrid crosses
गुणसूत्र Chromosomes
वंशागति का गुणसूत्र सिद्धांत Chromosomal theory of inheritance
ड्रोसोफिला मेलानोगास्टर Drosophila melanogaster
सहलग्नता और पुनर्योजन Linkage and Recombination
बहुजीनी वंशागति Polygenic inheritance
बहुप्रभाविता Pleiotropy
लिंग निर्धारण Sex determination
लिंग गुणसूत्र Sex chromosome
ऑटोसोम Autosomes
नर विषमयुग्मता Male heterogamety
मादा विषमयुग्मता Female heterogamety
मधुमक्खी में लिंग निर्धारण Sex Determination in Honey Bee
उत्परिवर्तन Mutation
वंशावली विश्लेषण Pedigree Analysis
वर्णांधता Colour Blidness
हीमोफीलिया Haemophilia
सिकल सेल एनीमिया Sickle-cell anaemia
फीनाइल कीटोन्यूरिया Phenylketonuria
थैलेसीमिया Thalassemia
असुगुणिता Aneuploidy
बहुगुणिता Polyploidy
डाउन सिंड्रोम Down’s Syndrome
क्लाइनफेल्टर सिंड्रोम Klinefelter’s Syndrome
टर्नर सिंड्रोम Turner’s Syndrome
6 वंशागति का आणविक आधार Molecular basis of Inheritance
डीएनए DNA Ekatah
पॉलीन्यूक्लियोटाइड श्रृंखला Polynucleotide Chain
द्विकुंडली Double Helix Ekatah
डीएनए कुंडली का पैकेजिंग Packaging of DNA Helix
हिस्टोन Histones
न्यूक्लियोसोम Nucleosome
क्रोमेटिन Chromatin
यूक्रोमैटिन Euchromatin
हेट्रोक्रोमैटिन Heterochromatin
रूपांतिरत सिद्धांत Transforming Principle
आनुवंशिक पदार्थ Genetic Material
आरएनए RNA
प्रतिकृति Replication
डीएनए पॉलीमरेज DNA polymerase
ट्रांसक्रिप्शन Transcription
कूटलेखन रज्जुक Coding strand
टेम्पलेट रज्जुक Template strand
मोनोसिस्ट्रोनिक Monocistronic
पॉलीसिस्ट्रॉनिक Polycistronic
एक्सॉन Exons
इंट्रोन्स Introns
लैक ऑपेरॉन Lac operon
मानव जीनोम परियोजना Human Genome Project
जैव सूचना विज्ञान Bioinformatics
व्यक्त अनुक्रम टैग (ईएसटी) Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)
SNPs - एकल न्यूक्लियोटाइड बहुरूपता SNPs – single nucleotide polymorphism
डीएनए फिंगरप्रिंटिंग DNA fingerprinting
बहुरूपता Polymorphism
7 विकास Evolution
बिग बैंग सिद्धांत Big Bang theory
मिलर का प्रयोग Miller’s experiment
अपसारी विकास Divergent evolution
अभिसारी विकास Convergent evolution
जैव विकास Biological evolution
प्राकृतिक वरण Adaptive radiation
प्राकृतिक चयन Natural selection
सालटेशन Saltation
हार्डी-वेनबर्ग सिद्धांत Hardy-Weinberg Principle
निएंडरथल मानव Neanderthal man
जावा मानव Java man
ड्रायोपिथेकस और रामापिथेकस Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus
इकाई - 8 Unit - 8
मानव कल्याण में जीव विज्ञान Biology in human welfare
8 मानव स्वास्थ्य तथा रोग Human health and Disease
स्वास्थ्य Health
संक्रामक रोग Infectious diseases
असंक्रामक रोग Non-infectious diseases
रोगजनक Pathogens
टाइफाइड Typhoid
विडाल परीक्षण Widal test
न्यूमोनिया Pneumonia
सामान्य जुकाम Common cold
मलेरिया Malaria Deeksha Dwivedi
अमीबाइसिस (अमीबिक पेचिश) Amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery)
एस्केरिएसिस Ascariasis.
हाथीपांव या फाइलेरिया Elephantiasis or filariasis
दाद Ringworms
प्रतिरक्षा Immunity
सहज प्रतिरक्षा Innate Immunity
उपार्जित प्रतिरक्षा Acquired immunity
ह्यूमरल प्रतिरक्षा प्रतिक्रिया Humoral immune response
कोशिका-मध्यस्थ प्रतिरक्षा Cell-mediated immunity
सक्रिय और निष्क्रिय प्रतिरक्षा Active and Passive Immunity
टीकाकरण और प्रतिरक्षण Vaccination and Immunisation
एलर्जी Allergies
लसीकाभ अंग Lymphoid organs
अस्थि मज्जा Bone marrow
थाइमस Thymus Ekatah
श्लेष्म संबद्ध लसीकाभ ऊतक Mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
उपार्जित प्रतिरक्षा न्यूनता संलक्षण Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome Deeksha Dwivedi
कैंसर Cancer Deeksga Dwivedi
सुदम अर्बुद Benign tumors
दुर्दम अर्बुद Malignant tumor
कार्सिनोजन Carcinogens
α-इंटरफेरॉन α-interferon
ओपिओइड्स Opioids
कैनाबिनॉइड्स Cannabinoids
कोकीन Cocaine
किशोरावस्था और नशीली दवाओं / शराब का दुरुपयोग Adolescence and Drug/Alcohol Abuse
विनिवर्तन संलक्षण Withdrawal syndrome
सिरोसिस Cirrhosis
9 खाद्य उत्पादन में वृद्धि की कार्य नीतियां Strategies for Enhancement in food production
पशुपालन Animal husbandry
डेयरी फार्म प्रबंधन Dairy Farm Management
कुक्कुट फार्म प्रबंधन Poultry Farm Management
पशु प्रजनन Animal Breeding
अंत:प्रजनन Inbreeding
समयुग्मता homozygosity
बहि: प्रजनन Out-breeding
बहि:संकरण Out-crossing
संकरण Cross-breeding
अंतः विशिष्ट संकरण Interspecific hybridisation
मधुमक्खी पालन Bee-keeping / apiculture
मत्स्यकी Fisheries
हरित क्रांति Green Revolution
पादप प्रजनन Plant Breeding
जर्मप्लास्म संग्रह Germplasm collection
उत्परिवर्तन Mutation
बायोफोर्टिफिकेशन Biofortification
एकल सेल प्रोटीन Single Cell Protein (SCP).
ऊतक संवर्धन Tissue culture
पूर्णशक्तता Totipotency
सूक्ष्मप्रवर्धन Micropropagation
विभज्योतक meristem
कायिक संकरण Somatic hybridisation
10 मानव कल्याण में सूक्ष्मजीव Microbes in human welfare
विषाणु Viruses
जीवाणुभोजी विषाणु Bacteriophage
तंबाकू मोज़ेक वायरस (टीएमवी) Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
जीवाणु Bacteria
लैक्टिक एसिड बैक्टीरिया (एलएबी) lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
किण्वक Fermentors
प्रतिजैविक पदार्थ Antibiotics Deeksha Dwivedi
एस्परगिलस नाइगर Aspergillus niger
एसीटोबैक्टर एसिटाई Acetobacter aceti
क्लोस्ट्रीडियम ब्यूटिलिकम Clostridium butylicum
सैक्रोमाइसेस सेरेविसी Saccharomyces cerevisiae
जैव सक्रिय अणु Bioactive Molecules
सीवेज उपचार में सूक्ष्मजीव Microbes in sewage treatment
बीओडी (बायोकेमिकल ऑक्सीजन डिमांड) BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) Ekatah
बायोगैस Biogas
गंगा एक्शन प्लान और यमुना एक्शन प्लान Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan
मेथेनोजेन Methanogens
बीटी-कॉटन Bt-cotton
जैविक खेती Organic farming Ekatah
जैव उर्वरक Biofertilisers
माइकोराइजा Mycorrhiza
इकाई - 9 Unit - 9
जैव प्रौद्योगिकी Biotechnology
11 जैव प्रौद्योगिकी: सिद्धांत व प्रक्रम Biotechnology: Principles and procedures
इन विट्रो निषेचन In vitro fertilisation Ekatah
जैव प्रौद्योगिकी के सिद्धांत Principles of biotechnology
आनुवंशिक अभियांत्रिकी Genetic engineering
जैव प्रक्रिया इंजीनियरिंग Bioprocess engineering
पुनर्योगज डीएनए Recombinant DNA
जीन क्लोनिंग और जीन स्थानांतरण, Gene cloning and gene transfer,
प्रतिकृतीयन की उत्पत्ति Origin of replication,
क्लोनिंग Cloning
प्रतिबंधन एंजाइम Restriction Enzymes
प्रतिबंध एंडोन्यूक्लिएज Restriction endonuclease
विशिष्ट क्षारक अनुक्रम Recognition sequence
एक्सोन्यूक्लिएज और एंडोन्यूक्लिएज डीएनए Exonucleases and endonucleases DNA
पैलिंड्रोमिक न्यूक्लियोटाइड सीक्वेंस Palindromic nucleotide sequences
डीएनए खंड का पृथक्करण और विलगन Separation and isolation of DNA fragments
जेल इलेक्ट्रोफोरोसिस Gel electrophoresis
क्लोनिंग संवाहक Cloning Vectors
रूपांतरण Transformation
निवेशी निष्क्रियता Insertional inactivation
अर्बुद Tumor
कैंसरयुक्त कोशिकाएँ Cancerous cells
सूक्ष्म अंतःक्षेपण Micro-injection
बायोलिस्टिक्स या जीन गन Biolistics or gene gun
लाइसोजाइम (जीवाणु) lysozyme (bacteria)
सेल्यूलस (पादप की कोशिकाएं) Cellulase (plant cells)
काइटिनेज (कवक) Chitinase (fungus)
पॉलिमरेज श्रृंखला अभिक्रिया Polymerase Chain Reaction
वरण योग्य चिन्हक Selectable marker
पुनर्योगज प्रोटीन Recombinant protein
बायोरिएक्टर Bioreactors
अनुप्रवाह संसाधन Downstream Processing
12 जैव प्रौद्योगिकी एवं उसके अनुप्रयोग Biotechnology and its application
हरित क्रांति Green Revolution
आनुवंशिकता रूपांतरित जीव (GMO) Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
कीटनाशक प्रोटीन Insecticidal protein
आरएनए अंतरक्षेप RNA interference
आनुवंशिकतः निर्मित इंसुलिन Genetically Engineered Insulin Deeksha Dwivedi
पेप्टाइड सी C peptide
जीन चिकित्सा Gene Therapy
आणविक निदान Molecular Diagnosis
पारजीवी जंतु Transgenic animals
नैतिक मुद्दे Ethical issues
GEAC (जेनेटिक इंजीनियरिंग स्वीकृति समिति) GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee)
बायोपाइरेसी Biopiracy
इकाई - 10 Unit - 10
पारिस्थितिकी Ecosystem
13 जीव और समष्टियाँ Organism and population
निकेत Niche
अजैविक कारक Abiotic Factors
जैविक कारक Biotic Factors
अनुकूलन Adaptations
समष्टि गुण Population Attributes
जनसंख्या घनत्व Population density
वृद्धि मॉडल Growth Models Deeksha Dwivedi
लॉजिस्टिक ग्रोथ Logistic growth
जीवन वृत्त विभिन्नता Life History Variation
सहोपकारिता Mutualism
स्पर्धा Competition
परजीविता और परभक्षण Parasitism & Predation
सहभोजिता Commensalism.
सहजीविता Symbiosis
14 पारितंत्र Ecosystem
स्तर-विन्यास Stratification
प्राथमिक उत्पादन Primary production
उत्पादकता Productivity
सकल प्राथमिक उत्पादकता Gross primary productivity
द्वितीयक उत्पादकता Secondary productivity
अपघटन Decomposition
अपरदाहारी Detritivores
ह्यूमिफिकेशन Humification
खनिजीकरण Mineralisation
प्रकाश संश्लेषक सक्रिय विकिरण Photosynthetically active radiation
उत्पादक Producers
उपभोक्ता Consumers
शाकाहारी Herbivores
अपरद खाद्य श्रृंखला Detritus food chain
मृतजीवी Saprotrophs
खाद्यजाल Food web
जैवमात्रा Biomass
पारिस्थितिक पिरामिड Ecological Pyramid
पारिस्थितिक अनुक्रमण Ecological succession
पोषण चक्रण Succession of Plants
जलारंभी अनुक्रमण Hydrarch succession
शुष्कतारंभी अनुक्रमण xerarch succession
मूल अन्वेषक Pioneer species
पोषक चक्रण Nutrient cycling
जैव भू-रासायनिक चक्र Biogeochemical cycles
पारितंत्र - कार्बन चक्र Ecosystem – Carbon Cycle
पारितंत्र - फास्फोरस चक्र Ecosystem – Phosphorus Cycle
पारितंत्र सेवाएं Ecosystem services
15 जैव विविधता एवं संरक्षण Biodiversity and Conservation
जैव विविधता Biodiversity Ekatah
आनुवंशिक विविधता Genetic diversity: Ekatah
जातीय विविधता Species diversity Ekatah
पारिस्थितिकीय विविधता Ecological diversity Ekatah
अक्षांशीय प्रवणता Latitudinal gradients
जातीय-क्षेत्र संबंध Species-Area relationships
आवासीय क्षति तथा विखंडन Habitat loss and fragmentation
विदेशी जातियों का आक्रमण Alien species invasions
सह-विलुप्तता Co-extinctions:
यथास्थान संरक्षण In situ conservation
बाह्यस्थाने संरक्षण Ex situ Conservation
16 पर्यावरण के मुद्दें Environmental issues
वैधुत अवक्षेपित Electrostatic precipitator
संपीड़ित प्राकृतिक गैस (CNG) Compressed natural gas (CNG)
जल (रोकथाम और प्रदूषण नियंत्रण) अधिनियम Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
बायोकेमिकल ऑक्सीजन डिमांड (बीओडी) Domestic Sewage and Industrial Effluents
जैव आवर्धन Biomagnification Deeksha Dwivedi
सांस्कृतिक या त्वरित सुपोषण Cultural or Accelerated Eutrophication
सेनेटरी लैंडफिल Sanitary landfills
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अपशिष्ट (ई-अपशिष्ट) Electronic wastes (e-wastes)
कृषि रसायन Agro chemicals
जैविक खेती Organic Farming
रेडियोधर्मी अपशिष्ट Radioactive waste
ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव Greenhouse effect
ओजोन अवक्षय Ozone depletion
समताप मंडल Stratosphere Deeksha Dwivedi
क्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
ओजोन छिद्र Ozone hole Ekatah
हिमांधता, Snow-blindness Ekatah
मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल Montreal Protocol
मृदा अपरदन और मरुस्थलीकरण Soil erosion and desertification
जलाक्रांति और मृदा लवणता Waterlogging and soil salinity
वनोन्मूलन Deforestation Deeksha Dwivedi
काटो और जलाओ कृषि Slash and burn agriculture
झूम खेती Jhum cultivation
पुनर्वनीकरण Reforestation
अमृता देवी बिश्नोई वन्यजीव संरक्षण पुरस्कार Amrita Devi Bishnoi Wildlife Protection Award
चिपको आंदोलन Chipko Movement
संयुक्त वन प्रबंधन Joint Forest Management (JFM)
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